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Evolution Korea
The democratic system in South Korea is susceptible to populist impulses. It's still better than we had hoped for.
The country is looking for a new development paradigm. The Confucian culture, which emphasizes respect for ancestors as and gender-specific family relationships, continues to influence the society. There are indications of a secularist culture trend forming.
Origins
In prehistoric times the ancestors of the today's Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild food. About 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet, beans, and other crops. They also raised livestock and created furs. These tribes formed tribal states in succession in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also developed an industry of metallurgy, which produced iron tools and bronze. They traded with other states and introduced Celadon paper making, block printing, art styles and a written language to Japan.
Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state adopted Chinese culture which included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this period the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state that was hierarchical with the monarch and top officials came from the land aristocracy, while the rest of the population was peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens and sometimes even forced them to serve in the army or build fortifications.
Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo established the state of Baekje at the close of the time. The new kingdom expanded to the southwest of the peninsula, and clashed against the Goguryeo commanderies and China's in the area. Baekje accepted Confucian ideas in its state beliefs system in 1390 CE, and made the male-centered concept of filiopiety into a doctrine. Under the cover of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families. They must be obedient to everyone and respected even by their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, who would rule from 918 to 1392 CE introduced the world to the Hangul alphabet that was based on the shapes formed by the mouth when it was pronounced. This significantly improved communication between people, and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable type were also improved. It was during this period that the Samguk sagi, or 'History Of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE.
Evolution in Korea
The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times until. Early evidence of human settlements can be seen in the form of cist graves lined with stones, and adorned with precious objects like amazonite jewelry that were buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, known as dolmens and constructed from single large stones are widespread throughout the country.
In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognizable political state. The peninsula was then ruled by a number of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) including Baekje and Goguryeo. Additionally, the northern part of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which the majority of historians do not believe to be a legitimate Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Of them, Baekje was the most powerful state, but its dynasty ended when Goguryeo was defeated in 676 CE and left it with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region surrounding the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy thrived for some time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to collaborate to expand their territories. Silla with the help of the Chinese eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935.
As Korea is entering a post-crisis period the way it develops appears to be in flux. Those who are horrified by the costs of the old systems advocate a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and markets for products. On the other hand those who support the old system want to preserve it by leveraging nationalist sentiments and generating fear about job losses.
Academic and policy analysts remain sharply divided on the extent to these two developments are driving Koreas development towards an entirely new model of economic governance. This article reviews the latest developments by analyzing five phases of Korea's political development: illiberal democracy (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and democratic participation (2002 to present). This article also highlights significant factors that may be shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. The creationists have been successful in promoting their views to this population. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly a third of respondents were against evolution. Of those, 41% said that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support the theory 39% claimed that it did not align with their religious beliefs; and 17 percent said they did not know what it meant. This level of disbelief approaches that of the United States, where a similar percentage of people are not convinced that humans evolved from earlier forms of life.
In the past, the anti-evolutionist campaign in Korea was focused on teaching students and the introduction of Christ to them. In 1980 an all-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the main speakers. The event was attended by a large number of pastors, professors, church leaders and scientists.
The success of the event led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31 in 1980. The inauguration event was widely reported in national newspapers, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and also was well-received by the public.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter called CREATION, in which it reported on its activities and published articles on the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated several film strips and slides from ICR and also some books on the subject of creationism, which were published outside of Korea. KACR members delivered lectures in universities and churches across the country.
One instance of a KACR success story took place at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, enough students were interested in the idea of creationism that they raised the money and support to put up an on-campus museum featuring creationist fossil models and other exhibits.
In please click for source to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine, CREATION, which covers topics in creation science. It has also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also organized a network of local branches that hold seminars and give talks to children in schools and other community groups.
Changes in South Korea
In the latter part of the nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt an increasingly Westernized lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok was replaced by miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements from abroad. Similar to the way traditional Korean music styles were replaced with modern rock and roll and jazz. At this time the famous samulnori or masked dance-dramas, were popular with the public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drums and other musical instruments.
Korea's new model of development is being developed in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The primary challenge for the new regime is to find a balance between state-led and market-oriented economic policies. It also involves changing incentives, monitoring, or disciplining schemes which have shaped the system prior to the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 & 4.
Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was established by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions as well as migrant workers from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. As a result, it was in frequent confrontation with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders across the border.
The fall of Silla in the late 8th and early 9th centuries saw powerful local factions to emerge. Gungye an eminent noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital and was in control of a portion of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo.
However, his rule was short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo without a fight as his successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the central government system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms period. From that point on the Korean peninsula was controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla gradually grew into powerful states on the peninsula, and in Manchuria.